Key Insights
The Asia-Pacific steam turbine market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing energy demands across rapidly developing economies like China, India, and South Korea. A compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 1.25% indicates a steady expansion through 2033. This growth is fueled by ongoing investments in power generation infrastructure, particularly in coal and gas-fired plants, to meet rising electricity consumption. However, the market faces certain restraints, including growing concerns about carbon emissions and the increasing adoption of renewable energy sources. The shift towards cleaner energy technologies presents both a challenge and an opportunity, as the market adapts by developing more efficient and environmentally friendly steam turbines, including those incorporating carbon capture technologies. Market segmentation reveals a significant share held by plants with capacities above 40 MW, reflecting large-scale power generation projects dominating the landscape. Key players like General Electric, Siemens Energy, and Mitsubishi Power Asia Pacific are strategically positioned to capitalize on this growth, leveraging their technological expertise and global presence. The continued expansion of industrial sectors and urbanization across the region will further contribute to sustained demand for steam turbines in the coming years, though the pace of growth may be moderated by the intensifying focus on sustainability and the competitive landscape.
Further analysis reveals that the dominance of established players like General Electric and Siemens Energy is being challenged by the rise of regional manufacturers such as Dongfang Turbine and Bharat Heavy Electricals. This competitive dynamic is likely to lead to innovation and price competition, benefiting consumers in the long term. The market's composition is diverse, with significant contributions from gas, coal, and nuclear plant types. The 'other plant types' segment may represent emerging technologies or smaller niche applications, and further research would be beneficial in understanding its specific growth drivers. The regional breakdown highlights the critical role of China, India, and Japan as major consumers of steam turbines within the Asia-Pacific region, reflecting their robust economic growth and expanding energy infrastructure needs. Careful monitoring of government regulations related to emissions and energy policy will be crucial for players seeking long-term success in this dynamic market.

Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market: A Comprehensive Market Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Asia-Pacific steam turbine market, covering market dynamics, growth trends, regional segmentation, product landscape, key players, and future outlook. The study period spans from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 serving as the base and estimated year. The report is essential for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers seeking to understand and capitalize on opportunities within this dynamic market. The market is segmented by plant type (Gas, Coal, Nuclear, Other Plant Types) and capacity (Below 40 MW, Above 40 MW).
Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Dynamics & Structure
The Asia-Pacific steam turbine market is characterized by a moderately concentrated landscape with a few major players holding significant market share. Technological innovation, driven by the need for higher efficiency and lower emissions, is a key driver. Stringent environmental regulations across various countries in the region are shaping market dynamics, promoting the adoption of cleaner energy solutions. The market witnesses ongoing mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity, with larger players seeking to expand their market presence and product portfolios. Competitive pressure from alternative power generation technologies, such as renewable energy sources, presents a significant challenge. End-user demographics, particularly the increasing energy demands of rapidly developing economies, are significantly impacting market growth.
- Market Concentration: xx% held by top 5 players in 2024.
- Technological Innovation: Focus on high-efficiency, low-emission turbines.
- Regulatory Framework: Stringent emission standards driving market transformation.
- Competitive Substitutes: Growing competition from renewable energy technologies.
- M&A Activity: xx deals recorded between 2019 and 2024, with an average deal value of xx million USD.
- Innovation Barriers: High R&D costs and technological complexity.
Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Growth Trends & Insights
The Asia-Pacific steam turbine market experienced significant growth during the historical period (2019-2024), driven by factors such as rising energy demand, industrialization, and infrastructure development. The market size is projected to reach xx million units by 2025 and exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is further fueled by technological advancements, leading to improved efficiency and reduced operational costs. However, the adoption rate varies across different segments and regions. Consumer behavior shifts towards sustainable energy solutions influence demand for cleaner and more efficient steam turbines. The market penetration rate for high-efficiency turbines is expected to increase significantly during the forecast period.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market
China and India are the dominant markets within the Asia-Pacific region, largely due to their rapidly expanding power generation capacities. The coal-fired segment currently holds the largest market share, followed by the gas-fired segment. The "Above 40 MW" capacity segment dominates due to the requirements of large-scale power plants. However, the nuclear segment is expected to witness substantial growth over the forecast period driven by government initiatives and nuclear power plant construction projects.
- Key Drivers in China: Government investments in power infrastructure, rapid industrialization.
- Key Drivers in India: Growing energy demand, expansion of nuclear power plants.
- Segment Dominance: Coal-fired steam turbines currently lead, followed by Gas-fired steam turbines.
- Capacity Dominance: Above 40 MW capacity segment holds the largest market share.
- Growth Potential: The nuclear segment shows the highest growth potential.
Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Product Landscape
The Asia-Pacific steam turbine market features a diverse range of products, including high-efficiency, low-emission turbines, advanced control systems, and digital solutions for enhanced performance and maintenance. These products offer unique selling propositions, such as improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and increased operational reliability. Continuous technological advancements, including the integration of advanced materials and digital technologies, are enhancing the performance and efficiency of steam turbines.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market
Key Drivers: Rising energy demand, government initiatives promoting power generation capacity expansion, and industrialization across the region are driving market growth. Technological advancements leading to higher efficiency and reduced emissions are further boosting market expansion.
Key Challenges: Stringent environmental regulations, competition from renewable energy sources, and supply chain disruptions are hindering market growth. The high initial investment cost of steam turbines also acts as a barrier for certain market segments.
Emerging Opportunities in Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market
The increasing demand for cleaner energy sources presents significant opportunities for steam turbine manufacturers. There is substantial potential for growth in the renewable energy sector by integrating steam turbines with solar and geothermal energy systems. The development of advanced, high-efficiency turbines and the application of digital technologies are also creating emerging opportunities.
Growth Accelerators in the Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Industry
Technological breakthroughs, specifically in materials science and digital controls, are driving efficiency and reducing operational costs. Strategic partnerships and collaborations between turbine manufacturers and power companies are facilitating faster adoption of advanced technologies. Market expansion strategies, including entering new geographical markets and focusing on emerging applications, are also crucial for long-term growth.
Key Players Shaping the Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Market
- General Electric
- Shin Nippon Machinery Co Ltd
- Dongfang Turbine Company Limited
- Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
- Mitsubishi Power Asia Pacific Pte Ltd
- Siemens Energy
- Shanghai Electric Group Company Ltd
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd
Notable Milestones in Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Sector
- March 2022: GE Gas Power secured a contract to supply three 9HA.01 heavy-duty gas turbines for a power plant in Shenzhen, China.
- July 2021: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) secured a contract to supply 12 steam generators for NPCIL's 700 MWe PHWRs.
In-Depth Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Market Outlook
The Asia-Pacific steam turbine market is poised for continued growth, driven by increasing energy demand, government investments in power infrastructure, and the adoption of advanced technologies. Opportunities exist in developing high-efficiency, low-emission turbines tailored to specific regional needs. Strategic partnerships and technological innovation will play a vital role in shaping the future of the market.
Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Segmentation
-
1. Plant Type
- 1.1. Gas
- 1.2. Coal
- 1.3. Nuclear
- 1.4. Other Pant Types
-
2. Capacity
- 2.1. Below 40 MW
- 2.2. Above 40 MW
-
3. Geography
- 3.1. China
- 3.2. India
- 3.3. Japan
- 3.4. Australia
- 3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. China
- 2. India
- 3. Japan
- 4. Australia
- 5. Rest of Asia Pacific

Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 1.25% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Increasing Population Growth and Infrastructure Development
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; High Operational and Maintenance Costs
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Natural Gas Plants are Likely to Dominate the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 5.1.1. Gas
- 5.1.2. Coal
- 5.1.3. Nuclear
- 5.1.4. Other Pant Types
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Capacity
- 5.2.1. Below 40 MW
- 5.2.2. Above 40 MW
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.3.1. China
- 5.3.2. India
- 5.3.3. Japan
- 5.3.4. Australia
- 5.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. China
- 5.4.2. India
- 5.4.3. Japan
- 5.4.4. Australia
- 5.4.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 6. China Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 6.1.1. Gas
- 6.1.2. Coal
- 6.1.3. Nuclear
- 6.1.4. Other Pant Types
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Capacity
- 6.2.1. Below 40 MW
- 6.2.2. Above 40 MW
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.3.1. China
- 6.3.2. India
- 6.3.3. Japan
- 6.3.4. Australia
- 6.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 7. India Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 7.1.1. Gas
- 7.1.2. Coal
- 7.1.3. Nuclear
- 7.1.4. Other Pant Types
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Capacity
- 7.2.1. Below 40 MW
- 7.2.2. Above 40 MW
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.3.1. China
- 7.3.2. India
- 7.3.3. Japan
- 7.3.4. Australia
- 7.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 8. Japan Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 8.1.1. Gas
- 8.1.2. Coal
- 8.1.3. Nuclear
- 8.1.4. Other Pant Types
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Capacity
- 8.2.1. Below 40 MW
- 8.2.2. Above 40 MW
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.3.1. China
- 8.3.2. India
- 8.3.3. Japan
- 8.3.4. Australia
- 8.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 9. Australia Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 9.1.1. Gas
- 9.1.2. Coal
- 9.1.3. Nuclear
- 9.1.4. Other Pant Types
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Capacity
- 9.2.1. Below 40 MW
- 9.2.2. Above 40 MW
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 9.3.1. China
- 9.3.2. India
- 9.3.3. Japan
- 9.3.4. Australia
- 9.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 10. Rest of Asia Pacific Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 10.1.1. Gas
- 10.1.2. Coal
- 10.1.3. Nuclear
- 10.1.4. Other Pant Types
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Capacity
- 10.2.1. Below 40 MW
- 10.2.2. Above 40 MW
- 10.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 10.3.1. China
- 10.3.2. India
- 10.3.3. Japan
- 10.3.4. Australia
- 10.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Plant Type
- 11. China Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Japan Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. India Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. South Korea Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Taiwan Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. Australia Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 17. Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 18. Competitive Analysis
- 18.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 18.2. Company Profiles
- 18.2.1 General Electric
- 18.2.1.1. Overview
- 18.2.1.2. Products
- 18.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.2 Shin Nippon Machinery Co Ltd
- 18.2.2.1. Overview
- 18.2.2.2. Products
- 18.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.3 Dongfang Turbine Company Limited
- 18.2.3.1. Overview
- 18.2.3.2. Products
- 18.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.4 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
- 18.2.4.1. Overview
- 18.2.4.2. Products
- 18.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.5 Mitsubishi Power Asia Pacific Pte Ltd
- 18.2.5.1. Overview
- 18.2.5.2. Products
- 18.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.6 Siemens Energy
- 18.2.6.1. Overview
- 18.2.6.2. Products
- 18.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.7 Shanghai Electric Group Company Ltd*List Not Exhaustive
- 18.2.7.1. Overview
- 18.2.7.2. Products
- 18.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.8 Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd
- 18.2.8.1. Overview
- 18.2.8.2. Products
- 18.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.1 General Electric
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Plant Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Capacity 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: China Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Japan Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: India Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: South Korea Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Taiwan Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Australia Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Plant Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Capacity 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Plant Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Capacity 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Plant Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Capacity 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Plant Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Capacity 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Plant Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Capacity 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 1.25%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market?
Key companies in the market include General Electric, Shin Nippon Machinery Co Ltd, Dongfang Turbine Company Limited, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Mitsubishi Power Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, Siemens Energy, Shanghai Electric Group Company Ltd*List Not Exhaustive, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd.
3. What are the main segments of the Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market?
The market segments include Plant Type, Capacity, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Increasing Population Growth and Infrastructure Development.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Natural Gas Plants are Likely to Dominate the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; High Operational and Maintenance Costs.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In March 2022, the Chinese state-owned power utility Shenzhen Energy Group announced that it had awarded GE Gas Power and Chinese power company Harbin Electric a supply contract for power generation equipment. Under the contract, GE will supply three 9HA.01 heavy-duty gas turbines for the power plant located in the Shenzhen Guangming district of China's Guangdong province.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Asia-Pacific Steam Turbine Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence