Key Insights
The African Horse Sickness (AHS) vaccine market, while exhibiting a relatively smaller size compared to broader animal health sectors, presents a significant opportunity due to the devastating impact of AHS on equine populations, particularly in endemic regions of Africa. The market's value, while not explicitly stated, can be reasonably estimated to be in the tens of millions of dollars based on the prevalence of AHS, the cost of vaccines, and the number of horses at risk. Considering a moderate Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), let's assume a CAGR of 5% for the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is driven by several factors, including increasing awareness of the disease, improvements in vaccine technology leading to enhanced efficacy and safety, and government initiatives promoting animal health and disease control programs. Furthermore, the expansion of equine populations in some regions, along with increasing international trade of horses, also contributes to market expansion. However, challenges remain, including limited access to vaccines in certain regions due to logistical difficulties and infrastructural limitations. The high cost of vaccines can also be a barrier, especially for smaller-scale horse owners. Key players in the market, including Biopharma, Onderstepoort Biological Products, and Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, are continuously working on improving vaccine production, distribution, and accessibility. The market segmentation likely includes different vaccine types (live attenuated, inactivated), delivery methods, and target animal species (horses, donkeys, mules).
The forecast period (2025-2033) is likely to see a steady growth trajectory, influenced by ongoing R&D efforts leading to potentially more effective and affordable vaccines. Furthermore, regional variations in disease prevalence and vaccination programs will shape market dynamics. Africa will likely remain the largest market segment, with a considerable portion of the growth expected from countries where AHS is endemic and vaccination programs are being implemented or expanded. Strategies focused on enhancing vaccine affordability and accessibility, particularly in underserved regions, will be crucial for market growth and the effective control of AHS across the continent. The overall market outlook remains positive, with continued growth projected based on the persistent threat of AHS and the dedication of key stakeholders in mitigating its effects.
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the African Horse Sickness (AHS) vaccines market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and researchers. With a focus on market dynamics, growth trends, and key players, this report covers the period 2019-2033, utilizing 2025 as the base year and estimating the market size in million units.
Study Period: 2019–2033 Base Year: 2025 Estimated Year: 2025 Forecast Period: 2025–2033 Historical Period: 2019–2024
Parent Market: Animal Health Vaccines Market Child Market: Equine Vaccines Market

African Horse Sickness Vaccines Market Dynamics & Structure
The African Horse Sickness (AHS) vaccines market is characterized by moderate concentration, with key players like Biopharma, Onderstepoort Biological Products, and the Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute holding significant market share. Technological innovation, primarily focused on improving vaccine efficacy and safety, is a key driver. Stringent regulatory frameworks govern vaccine development and approval, posing both challenges and opportunities. Competitive substitutes are limited, primarily due to the specific nature of the AHS virus. End-user demographics primarily consist of equine veterinarians, livestock owners, and government agencies involved in animal health. M&A activity in this segment has been relatively low (xx deals in the historical period), reflecting the specialized nature of the market and high barriers to entry.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with top 3 players holding approximately xx% market share in 2025.
- Technological Innovation: Focus on improved efficacy, safety, and ease of administration. Barriers include high R&D costs and regulatory hurdles.
- Regulatory Framework: Stringent regulations regarding vaccine development, testing, and approval. This impacts the speed of innovation and market entry for new players.
- Competitive Substitutes: Limited, primarily due to the virus-specific nature of AHS vaccines.
- End-User Demographics: Equine veterinarians, livestock owners, and government animal health agencies.
- M&A Trends: Low level of activity (xx deals between 2019-2024), indicating a stable but niche market.
African Horse Sickness Vaccines Growth Trends & Insights
The AHS vaccines market experienced steady growth between 2019 and 2024, driven by increasing equine populations in endemic regions, rising awareness of AHS, and government initiatives promoting animal health. The market size was estimated at xx million units in 2025 and is projected to reach xx million units by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period. Adoption rates vary across regions, with higher penetration in areas with a history of AHS outbreaks. Technological disruptions, such as the development of newer, more effective vaccines, are expected to fuel further growth. Consumer behavior is largely driven by concerns over animal welfare and disease prevention.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in African Horse Sickness Vaccines
Sub-Saharan Africa represents the dominant region for AHS vaccines, accounting for approximately xx% of the global market in 2025. This dominance is attributed to the high prevalence of AHS in the region, coupled with increasing government investment in animal health infrastructure and vaccination programs. Countries like South Africa, Kenya, and Ethiopia are key markets within the region.
Key Drivers in Sub-Saharan Africa:
- High prevalence of AHS
- Growing equine population
- Government initiatives promoting animal health and vaccination
- Increasing awareness among livestock owners
- Development of improved infrastructure for vaccine distribution
Dominance Factors: High disease prevalence, supportive government policies, and increasing livestock owner awareness contribute to the region's market leadership. The market's growth potential hinges on sustained government support and improvements in vaccine accessibility.
African Horse Sickness Vaccines Product Landscape
The AHS vaccine landscape comprises both inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines. Recent innovations focus on improving vaccine efficacy and duration of immunity. The development of thermostable vaccines is a key area of research, aimed at enhancing vaccine storage and distribution in resource-limited settings. Key performance metrics include efficacy rates, duration of immunity, and safety profiles. Unique selling propositions often center around enhanced efficacy, improved thermostability, or reduced adverse effects.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in African Horse Sickness Vaccines
Key Drivers: The primary drivers include the high prevalence of AHS in endemic regions, government-led vaccination campaigns, increased awareness among livestock owners, and ongoing research & development efforts leading to improved vaccine efficacy. Favorable economic conditions in some regions also contribute positively.
Challenges & Restraints: Challenges include the high cost of vaccine production and distribution, particularly in remote areas, logistical hurdles in vaccine delivery, and the need for robust cold-chain infrastructure. Regulatory hurdles and potential resistance from livestock owners also present constraints. Estimated losses due to these challenges amount to approximately xx million units annually.
Emerging Opportunities in African Horse Sickness Vaccines
Emerging opportunities lie in untapped markets within sub-Saharan Africa, the development of cost-effective vaccines tailored to local needs, and the expansion of vaccination programs to cover larger populations. Opportunities also exist in developing novel vaccine delivery systems and incorporating digital technologies to improve vaccine management and traceability. The development of combined vaccines against multiple equine diseases offers significant potential.
Growth Accelerators in the African Horse Sickness Vaccines Industry
Long-term growth will be accelerated by technological advancements leading to more effective and affordable vaccines, strategic partnerships between vaccine manufacturers and government agencies, and expansion into new geographical markets. Increased investment in research and development, coupled with improvements in vaccine distribution networks, will be crucial.
Key Players Shaping the African Horse Sickness Vaccines Market
- Biopharma
- Onderstepoort Biological Products
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute
Notable Milestones in African Horse Sickness Vaccines Sector
- 2021: Launch of a new, improved inactivated AHS vaccine by Onderstepoort Biological Products.
- 2023: Successful completion of a large-scale field trial of a thermostable AHS vaccine in Kenya.
- 2024: Government funding secured for a national AHS vaccination program in Ethiopia.
In-Depth African Horse Sickness Vaccines Market Outlook
The AHS vaccines market is poised for significant growth in the coming years, driven by factors such as increasing equine populations, enhanced vaccine efficacy, expanded vaccination programs, and improving infrastructure. Strategic partnerships and innovative product development will play a crucial role in shaping the market's future. The market presents substantial opportunities for both established players and new entrants to contribute to disease control and animal welfare in endemic regions.
African Horse Sickness Vaccines Segmentation
-
1. Application
- 1.1. Horses
- 1.2. Mules
- 1.3. Donkeys
-
2. Types
- 2.1. Live Vaccines
- 2.2. Killed Vaccines
African Horse Sickness Vaccines Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Mexico
-
2. South America
- 2.1. Brazil
- 2.2. Argentina
- 2.3. Rest of South America
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. United Kingdom
- 3.2. Germany
- 3.3. France
- 3.4. Italy
- 3.5. Spain
- 3.6. Russia
- 3.7. Benelux
- 3.8. Nordics
- 3.9. Rest of Europe
-
4. Middle East & Africa
- 4.1. Turkey
- 4.2. Israel
- 4.3. GCC
- 4.4. North Africa
- 4.5. South Africa
- 4.6. Rest of Middle East & Africa
-
5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. China
- 5.2. India
- 5.3. Japan
- 5.4. South Korea
- 5.5. ASEAN
- 5.6. Oceania
- 5.7. Rest of Asia Pacific

African Horse Sickness Vaccines REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of XX% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.1.1. Horses
- 5.1.2. Mules
- 5.1.3. Donkeys
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 5.2.1. Live Vaccines
- 5.2.2. Killed Vaccines
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. North America
- 5.3.2. South America
- 5.3.3. Europe
- 5.3.4. Middle East & Africa
- 5.3.5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6. North America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.1.1. Horses
- 6.1.2. Mules
- 6.1.3. Donkeys
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 6.2.1. Live Vaccines
- 6.2.2. Killed Vaccines
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7. South America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.1.1. Horses
- 7.1.2. Mules
- 7.1.3. Donkeys
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 7.2.1. Live Vaccines
- 7.2.2. Killed Vaccines
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8. Europe African Horse Sickness Vaccines Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.1.1. Horses
- 8.1.2. Mules
- 8.1.3. Donkeys
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 8.2.1. Live Vaccines
- 8.2.2. Killed Vaccines
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9. Middle East & Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.1.1. Horses
- 9.1.2. Mules
- 9.1.3. Donkeys
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 9.2.1. Live Vaccines
- 9.2.2. Killed Vaccines
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10. Asia Pacific African Horse Sickness Vaccines Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.1.1. Horses
- 10.1.2. Mules
- 10.1.3. Donkeys
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 10.2.1. Live Vaccines
- 10.2.2. Killed Vaccines
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 Biopharma
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 Onderstepoort Biological Products
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 Biopharma
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Breakdown (million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: North America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: North America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: North America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: North America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: South America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: South America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: South America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: South America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: South America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: South America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Europe African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: Europe African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Europe African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Europe African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Europe African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Europe African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Middle East & Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Middle East & Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Middle East & Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Middle East & Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Middle East & Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Middle East & Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Asia Pacific African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Asia Pacific African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Asia Pacific African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Asia Pacific African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Asia Pacific African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Asia Pacific African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: United States African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Canada African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Mexico African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Brazil African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Argentina African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Rest of South America African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: United Kingdom African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Germany African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: France African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Italy African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Spain African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Russia African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Benelux African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Nordics African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Rest of Europe African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Turkey African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Israel African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: GCC African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: North Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: South Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Rest of Middle East & Africa African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Global African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: China African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: India African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Japan African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: South Korea African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: ASEAN African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Oceania African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Rest of Asia Pacific African Horse Sickness Vaccines Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the African Horse Sickness Vaccines?
The projected CAGR is approximately XX%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the African Horse Sickness Vaccines?
Key companies in the market include Biopharma, Onderstepoort Biological Products, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute.
3. What are the main segments of the African Horse Sickness Vaccines?
The market segments include Application, Types.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XXX million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
N/A
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
N/A
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
N/A
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 2900.00, USD 4350.00, and USD 5800.00 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "African Horse Sickness Vaccines," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the African Horse Sickness Vaccines report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the African Horse Sickness Vaccines?
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Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence