Key Insights
The European feed palatability enhancers market, valued at approximately €1.5 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.20% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. The increasing demand for animal protein globally fuels the need for efficient and cost-effective feed solutions. Palatability enhancers play a crucial role in improving feed intake and animal performance, leading to higher productivity and profitability for livestock farmers. Furthermore, the growing awareness of animal welfare and the need to minimize feed waste are prompting the adoption of these enhancers. Consumer preference for sustainably produced meat and poultry further supports market growth, as improved feed utilization contributes to reduced environmental impact. Market segmentation reveals significant demand across various animal types, with ruminants, poultry, and swine dominating, followed by a growing segment focused on aquaculture and pet food. Specific flavor profiles and sweetener types also influence market trends, with manufacturers continuously innovating to meet evolving animal preferences and dietary needs. Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy represent the largest national markets within Europe, reflecting their significant livestock populations and well-established feed industries.
However, the market faces certain restraints. Fluctuations in raw material prices and regulatory changes related to feed additives can impact market dynamics. The need for stringent quality control and the potential for inconsistent product efficacy pose challenges for manufacturers. Competitive pressures from established players and emerging market entrants necessitate continuous innovation and investment in research and development. Nonetheless, the long-term outlook remains positive, driven by the ongoing need for improved feed efficiency and animal health, coupled with the sustained growth of the European livestock sector. The market is expected to reach approximately €2.5 billion by 2033, reflecting the continued adoption of palatability enhancers as a vital tool in modern animal nutrition.
Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and stakeholders. The study covers the period from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 serving as the base year and estimated year. The report segments the market by type (Flavors, Sweeteners, Aroma Enhancers) and animal type (Ruminants, Poultry, Swine, Aquaculture, Pet Food, Other Animal Types), offering a granular view of market dynamics and growth potential. Key players analyzed include Ohly, Diana Group, DuPont, Kent Nutrition Group, Kemin Industries Inc, Adisseo, Ensign-Bickford Industries Inc, Tanke International Group, and Kerry Group plc. The total market size in 2025 is estimated at xx Million units.
Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Market Dynamics & Structure
The European feed palatability enhancers market exhibits a moderately consolidated structure, with a few major players holding significant market share. Technological innovation, particularly in natural and sustainable solutions, is a key driver, alongside evolving regulatory frameworks concerning feed additives and animal welfare. The market witnesses increasing competition from substitute products like alternative feed ingredients and naturally palatable feed formulations. The end-user demographic is diverse, encompassing large-scale commercial farms and smaller-scale operations across various animal types. M&A activity has been moderate, with strategic acquisitions aimed at expanding product portfolios and geographical reach.
- Market Concentration: The top 5 players hold approximately xx% of the market share in 2025.
- Technological Innovation: Focus on sustainable, natural palatability enhancers is driving innovation.
- Regulatory Landscape: EU regulations on feed additives influence product development and market entry.
- Competitive Substitutes: Alternative feed ingredients and naturally palatable feed formulations pose a competitive threat.
- M&A Activity: An average of xx M&A deals per year were recorded between 2019 and 2024.
Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Growth Trends & Insights
The Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers market experienced steady growth between 2019 and 2024, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx%. This growth is primarily attributed to increasing demand for animal protein, coupled with the rising adoption of palatability enhancers to improve feed efficiency and animal productivity. Technological advancements, such as the development of novel flavor compounds and customized solutions tailored to specific animal types, are further fueling market expansion. Consumer preference for high-quality animal products is indirectly driving the demand for enhanced feed, leading to increased market penetration. The market is expected to maintain a healthy CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), reaching xx Million units by 2033. Disruptions in the supply chain due to geopolitical factors and raw material price fluctuations pose a challenge to consistent growth.
Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market
Germany and France are the leading countries within the European market for feed palatability enhancers, driven by robust livestock industries and higher adoption rates of advanced feed technologies. The Poultry segment currently holds the largest market share due to high consumption of poultry products across Europe. The Flavors segment also shows strong growth potential due to its ability to enhance feed acceptance.
- Key Drivers in Germany and France: Strong livestock industries, higher disposable income, and early adoption of advanced feed technologies.
- Poultry Segment Dominance: High poultry consumption and the significant impact of palatability on poultry feed efficiency.
- Flavors Segment Growth: The increasing demand for natural and appealing flavors to improve feed consumption.
Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Product Landscape
The market offers a diverse range of palatability enhancers, including flavors (e.g., meat, fish, fruit), sweeteners (e.g., sugar beet, molasses), and aroma enhancers. Recent product innovations focus on natural and sustainable ingredients, addressing growing consumer concerns about animal welfare and food safety. Key performance metrics include improved feed intake, increased weight gain, enhanced animal health, and reduced feed costs. Unique selling propositions often emphasize natural composition, specific animal targeting, and cost-effectiveness.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market
Key Drivers:
- Increasing demand for animal protein.
- Growing awareness of palatability's impact on animal productivity.
- Technological advancements in product development.
- Favorable regulatory environment in specific regions.
Key Challenges:
- Fluctuations in raw material prices impacting production costs.
- Stringent regulatory requirements for feed additives.
- Intense competition among existing players.
- Supply chain disruptions impacting product availability.
Emerging Opportunities in Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market
- Growing demand for organic and sustainable feed additives.
- Expanding aquaculture sector presents a significant opportunity.
- Increased focus on pet food palatability presents growth potential.
- Development of customized solutions for specific animal needs.
Growth Accelerators in the Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Industry
Strategic partnerships between feed additive manufacturers and livestock producers are accelerating market growth. Technological breakthroughs in developing natural and more effective palatability enhancers are driving adoption. Furthermore, market expansion into niche areas, such as specialized pet food and aquaculture, presents significant growth opportunities.
Key Players Shaping the Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Market
- Ohly
- Diana Group
- DuPont
- Kent Nutrition Group
- Kemin Industries Inc
- Adisseo
- Ensign-Bickford Industries Inc
- Tanke International Group
- Kerry Group plc
Notable Milestones in Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Sector
- 2021-Q3: Kemin Industries Inc launched a new line of natural palatability enhancers.
- 2022-Q1: Diana Group acquired a smaller competitor specializing in aquaculture feed additives.
- 2023-Q4: New EU regulations on feed additives came into effect.
In-Depth Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Market Outlook
The Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers market is poised for continued growth, driven by sustained demand for animal protein and ongoing innovation in feed technology. Strategic partnerships, expansion into new market segments, and a focus on sustainable solutions will shape the market landscape in the coming years. Companies focusing on product differentiation, leveraging technological advancements, and navigating regulatory complexities will be best positioned for success.
Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Segmentation
-
1. Type
- 1.1. Flavors
- 1.2. Sweeteners
- 1.3. Aroma Enhancers
-
2. Animal Type
- 2.1. Ruminants
- 2.2. Poultry
- 2.3. Swine
- 2.4. Aquaculture
- 2.5. Pet Food
- 2.6. Other Animal Types
Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. United Kingdom
- 2. Spain
- 3. Italy
- 4. Germany
- 5. France
- 6. Russia
- 7. Rest of Europe
Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2019-2033 |
| Base Year | 2024 |
| Estimated Year | 2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
| Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 5.20% from 2019-2033 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increased Demand for Meat; Initiatives By the Key Players; Focus on Animal nutrition and Health
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Shift Toward Vegan- Based Diet; Changing Raw Material Prices and Strict Government Rules to Restrict Market Growth
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Increasing Feed Production
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.1.1. Flavors
- 5.1.2. Sweeteners
- 5.1.3. Aroma Enhancers
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Animal Type
- 5.2.1. Ruminants
- 5.2.2. Poultry
- 5.2.3. Swine
- 5.2.4. Aquaculture
- 5.2.5. Pet Food
- 5.2.6. Other Animal Types
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. United Kingdom
- 5.3.2. Spain
- 5.3.3. Italy
- 5.3.4. Germany
- 5.3.5. France
- 5.3.6. Russia
- 5.3.7. Rest of Europe
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6. United Kingdom Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6.1.1. Flavors
- 6.1.2. Sweeteners
- 6.1.3. Aroma Enhancers
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Animal Type
- 6.2.1. Ruminants
- 6.2.2. Poultry
- 6.2.3. Swine
- 6.2.4. Aquaculture
- 6.2.5. Pet Food
- 6.2.6. Other Animal Types
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7. Spain Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7.1.1. Flavors
- 7.1.2. Sweeteners
- 7.1.3. Aroma Enhancers
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Animal Type
- 7.2.1. Ruminants
- 7.2.2. Poultry
- 7.2.3. Swine
- 7.2.4. Aquaculture
- 7.2.5. Pet Food
- 7.2.6. Other Animal Types
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8. Italy Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8.1.1. Flavors
- 8.1.2. Sweeteners
- 8.1.3. Aroma Enhancers
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Animal Type
- 8.2.1. Ruminants
- 8.2.2. Poultry
- 8.2.3. Swine
- 8.2.4. Aquaculture
- 8.2.5. Pet Food
- 8.2.6. Other Animal Types
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9. Germany Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9.1.1. Flavors
- 9.1.2. Sweeteners
- 9.1.3. Aroma Enhancers
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Animal Type
- 9.2.1. Ruminants
- 9.2.2. Poultry
- 9.2.3. Swine
- 9.2.4. Aquaculture
- 9.2.5. Pet Food
- 9.2.6. Other Animal Types
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10. France Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10.1.1. Flavors
- 10.1.2. Sweeteners
- 10.1.3. Aroma Enhancers
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Animal Type
- 10.2.1. Ruminants
- 10.2.2. Poultry
- 10.2.3. Swine
- 10.2.4. Aquaculture
- 10.2.5. Pet Food
- 10.2.6. Other Animal Types
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 11. Russia Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 11.1.1. Flavors
- 11.1.2. Sweeteners
- 11.1.3. Aroma Enhancers
- 11.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Animal Type
- 11.2.1. Ruminants
- 11.2.2. Poultry
- 11.2.3. Swine
- 11.2.4. Aquaculture
- 11.2.5. Pet Food
- 11.2.6. Other Animal Types
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 12. Rest of Europe Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 12.1.1. Flavors
- 12.1.2. Sweeteners
- 12.1.3. Aroma Enhancers
- 12.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Animal Type
- 12.2.1. Ruminants
- 12.2.2. Poultry
- 12.2.3. Swine
- 12.2.4. Aquaculture
- 12.2.5. Pet Food
- 12.2.6. Other Animal Types
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 13. Germany Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. France Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Italy Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. United Kingdom Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 17. Netherlands Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 18. Sweden Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 19. Rest of Europe Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 20. Competitive Analysis
- 20.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 20.2. Company Profiles
- 20.2.1 Ohly
- 20.2.1.1. Overview
- 20.2.1.2. Products
- 20.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.2 Diana Group
- 20.2.2.1. Overview
- 20.2.2.2. Products
- 20.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.3 DuPon
- 20.2.3.1. Overview
- 20.2.3.2. Products
- 20.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.4 Kent Nutrition Group
- 20.2.4.1. Overview
- 20.2.4.2. Products
- 20.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.5 Kemin Industries Inc
- 20.2.5.1. Overview
- 20.2.5.2. Products
- 20.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.6 Adisseo
- 20.2.6.1. Overview
- 20.2.6.2. Products
- 20.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.7 Ensign-Bickford Industries Inc
- 20.2.7.1. Overview
- 20.2.7.2. Products
- 20.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.8 Tanke International Group
- 20.2.8.1. Overview
- 20.2.8.2. Products
- 20.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.9 Kerry Group plc
- 20.2.9.1. Overview
- 20.2.9.2. Products
- 20.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 20.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 20.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 20.2.1 Ohly
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Animal Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Germany Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: France Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Italy Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: United Kingdom Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Netherlands Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Sweden Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Rest of Europe Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Animal Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Animal Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Animal Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Animal Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Animal Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Animal Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Animal Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 5.20%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market?
Key companies in the market include Ohly, Diana Group, DuPon, Kent Nutrition Group, Kemin Industries Inc, Adisseo, Ensign-Bickford Industries Inc, Tanke International Group, Kerry Group plc.
3. What are the main segments of the Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market?
The market segments include Type, Animal Type.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increased Demand for Meat; Initiatives By the Key Players; Focus on Animal nutrition and Health.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Increasing Feed Production.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Shift Toward Vegan- Based Diet; Changing Raw Material Prices and Strict Government Rules to Restrict Market Growth.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Europe Feed Palatability Enhancers Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database
Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)
Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations
Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence
