Key Insights
The European small hydropower market, encompassing installations under 10 MW, presents a compelling investment opportunity, driven by robust growth projections and supportive policy landscapes. The market's value, estimated at €X million in 2025 (assuming a logical extrapolation based on the provided CAGR of >4% and a larger market size XX, the exact figure requiring further data), is poised for significant expansion through 2033. Several factors contribute to this positive outlook. Firstly, the increasing urgency to transition to renewable energy sources, coupled with Europe's ambitious climate targets, fuels strong demand for small hydropower projects. These projects are particularly attractive due to their relatively lower environmental impact compared to larger hydropower plants and their suitability for diverse geographical locations. Secondly, technological advancements in turbine design, particularly in Kaplan, Francis, and Cross-flow turbines, enhance efficiency and reduce operational costs, making small hydropower more economically viable. Furthermore, supportive government policies, including subsidies and streamlined permitting processes in countries like Germany, France, and the UK, incentivize investment and development in this sector. Finally, the established presence of key players like Voith, Andritz, and Siemens Energy, alongside regional specialists such as Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon, ensures technological innovation and project execution expertise.
However, challenges remain. The intermittent nature of hydropower generation, coupled with potential grid integration issues, requires careful planning and investment in smart grid technologies. Furthermore, the availability of suitable sites for new installations (Greenfield projects) is becoming increasingly limited, thus shifting focus towards Brownfield projects, which often require more complex refurbishment and adaptation. Despite these challenges, the overall market trajectory remains positive, with a continued emphasis on diversification across turbine types and project sizes to maximize efficiency and sustainability. The market is expected to see substantial growth particularly in countries with strong renewable energy targets and favorable regulatory environments, driving continued investment and innovation within the European small hydropower sector. The long-term outlook for the European small hydropower market remains optimistic.

Europe Small Hydropower Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Europe Small Hydropower Market, encompassing market dynamics, growth trends, regional analysis, product landscape, key players, and future outlook. The study period covers 2019-2033, with 2025 as the base and estimated year. This report is essential for industry professionals, investors, and stakeholders seeking to understand and capitalize on the opportunities within this dynamic sector. The report segments the market by Installation (Greenfield, Brownfield), Turbine Type (Kaplan, Francis, Pelton, Cross-flow), and Size (Small <10MW, Medium 10-50MW, Large >50MW).
Europe Small Hydropower Market Dynamics & Structure
The European small hydropower market exhibits a moderately concentrated landscape, with key players like Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon Ltd, Iberdrola SA, Kolektor Group, Voith GmbH & Co KGaA, Electricite de France SA (EDF), PJSC RusHydro, Siemens Energy AG, GE Renewable Energy, and Andritz AG holding significant market share. However, the market also features several smaller, regional players.
- Market Concentration: xx% market share held by the top 5 players in 2024.
- Technological Innovation: Continuous advancements in turbine technology, particularly in efficiency and automation, are driving market growth. However, challenges remain in integrating smart grid technologies and optimizing energy storage solutions.
- Regulatory Framework: EU policies promoting renewable energy and sustainable development significantly influence market growth. However, permitting processes and regulatory complexities can pose barriers.
- Competitive Substitutes: Other renewable energy sources like solar and wind power present competitive pressure.
- End-User Demographics: The primary end-users are utility companies, independent power producers (IPPs), and municipalities.
- M&A Trends: The past five years have witnessed xx M&A deals in the European small hydropower sector, driven by consolidation and expansion strategies.
Europe Small Hydropower Market Growth Trends & Insights
The European small hydropower market experienced a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the historical period (2019-2024), reaching a market size of xx million units in 2024. This growth is attributed to increasing demand for renewable energy, supportive government policies, and technological advancements. The forecast period (2025-2033) projects a CAGR of xx%, driven by factors such as the rising adoption of small hydropower plants across various regions and the increasing focus on energy security and sustainability. Market penetration is projected to reach xx% by 2033. Technological disruptions, such as advancements in digitalization and AI-powered predictive maintenance, are further enhancing operational efficiency and lowering lifecycle costs. Consumer behavior shifts towards environmentally conscious energy consumption also contribute to market expansion.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Europe Small Hydropower Market
The Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland) and Austria are currently leading the European small hydropower market, driven by favorable geographical conditions, supportive government policies, and established hydropower infrastructure. Within segment analysis:
- Installation: Brownfield projects are currently more prevalent due to the potential for retrofitting existing dams. Greenfield projects, however, are gaining traction driven by new infrastructure investments in lesser developed regions.
- Turbine Type: Francis turbines hold the largest market share due to their versatility and suitability for a range of flow rates and head heights.
- Size: The small hydropower segment (<10MW) dominates the market, contributing to xx% of the total market size due to ease of implementation and lower initial investment costs.
Key Drivers:
- Supportive government policies and financial incentives
- Abundant water resources in certain regions
- Growing demand for renewable energy
- Increasing energy prices and security concerns
- Enhanced technological advancements in turbine efficiency
Europe Small Hydropower Market Product Landscape
The European small hydropower market offers a diverse range of products, encompassing various turbine types (Kaplan, Francis, Pelton, Cross-flow) designed to cater to specific site conditions and energy demands. Recent innovations focus on improved efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced automation capabilities. Key selling propositions include optimized energy output, minimized maintenance requirements, and long-term operational reliability. Advanced monitoring and control systems are also gaining prominence, improving overall plant performance and reducing downtime.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Europe Small Hydropower Market
Key Drivers:
- Stringent environmental regulations driving renewable energy adoption.
- Growing awareness of climate change.
- Government incentives and subsidies for renewable energy projects.
- Technological advancements enhancing efficiency and reducing costs.
Challenges:
- High initial capital investment costs can hinder project development, particularly for smaller operators.
- Complex permitting and regulatory processes can create delays.
- Environmental concerns and potential impact on aquatic ecosystems necessitate rigorous environmental impact assessments. This impacts project timelines and approval rate.
- Competition from other renewable energy sources.
Emerging Opportunities in Europe Small Hydropower Market
Emerging opportunities lie in the development of small hydropower projects in underserved regions, integrating energy storage solutions to improve grid stability, and exploring innovative financing models to improve access to capital for smaller project developers. Furthermore, advancements in digital technologies and AI will enhance operational efficiency and create new market opportunities. The integration of small hydropower with other renewable energy sources (hybrid systems) presents a promising avenue for growth.
Growth Accelerators in the Europe Small Hydropower Market Industry
Technological advancements in turbine design and efficiency, coupled with smart grid integration, are key growth accelerators. Strategic partnerships between developers, manufacturers, and utilities are fostering innovation and streamlining project development. Expanding into new markets with untapped hydropower potential and the development of more streamlined financing options are expected to drive future market expansion.
Key Players Shaping the Europe Small Hydropower Market Market
- Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon Ltd
- Iberdrola SA
- Kolektor Group
- Voith GmbH & Co KGaA
- Electricite de France SA (EDF)
- PJSC RusHydro
- Siemens Energy AG
- GE Renewable Energy
- Andritz AG
Notable Milestones in Europe Small Hydropower Market Sector
- September 2022: Voltalia announces a 2.9MW run-of-river hydroelectric power station in French Guiana, highlighting the growing interest in smaller-scale projects.
- November 2021: The European Investment Bank funds EUR49 million for 12 small run-of-river hydroelectric plants in Tuscany, Italy, demonstrating the significant investment potential.
In-Depth Europe Small Hydropower Market Market Outlook
The future of the European small hydropower market appears promising, driven by robust growth in renewable energy demand, supportive policy frameworks, and ongoing technological innovation. Strategic partnerships and access to finance will play a crucial role in unlocking the significant untapped potential within this sector. The market is expected to witness continued expansion, with particular growth in specific regions and segments. Opportunities exist for companies to differentiate themselves through technological innovation, sustainable practices, and efficient project development.
Europe Small Hydropower Market Segmentation
- 1. Production Analysis
- 2. Consumption Analysis
- 3. Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 4. Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5. Price Trend Analysis
Europe Small Hydropower Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Europe
- 1.1. United Kingdom
- 1.2. Germany
- 1.3. France
- 1.4. Italy
- 1.5. Spain
- 1.6. Netherlands
- 1.7. Belgium
- 1.8. Sweden
- 1.9. Norway
- 1.10. Poland
- 1.11. Denmark

Europe Small Hydropower Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 4.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Growing Emphasis on Renewable Energy Integration4.; Significant Hydropower Potential
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; Competition From Other Energy Storage Technologies
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. 1-10 MW Capacity Segment to Dominate the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Europe Small Hydropower Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 5.6. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.6.1. Europe
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 6. Germany Europe Small Hydropower Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. France Europe Small Hydropower Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Italy Europe Small Hydropower Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. United Kingdom Europe Small Hydropower Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Netherlands Europe Small Hydropower Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Sweden Europe Small Hydropower Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of Europe Europe Small Hydropower Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon Ltd
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Iberdrola SA
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 Kolektor Group*List Not Exhaustive
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 Voith GmbH & Co KGaA
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 Electricite de France SA (EDF)
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 PJSC RusHydro
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 Siemens Energy AG
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 GE Renewable Energy
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 Andritz AG
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon Ltd
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Europe Small Hydropower Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Production Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Germany Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Germany Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: France Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: France Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Italy Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Italy Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: United Kingdom Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: United Kingdom Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Netherlands Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Netherlands Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Sweden Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Sweden Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Rest of Europe Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Rest of Europe Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Production Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume gigawatt Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: United Kingdom Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: United Kingdom Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: Germany Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Germany Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: France Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: France Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: Italy Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: Italy Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: Spain Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: Spain Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 53: Netherlands Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 54: Netherlands Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 55: Belgium Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 56: Belgium Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 57: Sweden Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 58: Sweden Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 59: Norway Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 60: Norway Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 61: Poland Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 62: Poland Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 63: Denmark Europe Small Hydropower Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 64: Denmark Europe Small Hydropower Market Volume (gigawatt) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Europe Small Hydropower Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 4.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Europe Small Hydropower Market?
Key companies in the market include Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon Ltd, Iberdrola SA, Kolektor Group*List Not Exhaustive, Voith GmbH & Co KGaA, Electricite de France SA (EDF), PJSC RusHydro, Siemens Energy AG, GE Renewable Energy, Andritz AG.
3. What are the main segments of the Europe Small Hydropower Market?
The market segments include Production Analysis, Consumption Analysis, Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume), Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume), Price Trend Analysis.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Growing Emphasis on Renewable Energy Integration4.; Significant Hydropower Potential.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
1-10 MW Capacity Segment to Dominate the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; Competition From Other Energy Storage Technologies.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In September 2022, Voltalia announced plans to develop a 2.9MW run-of-river hydroelectric power station in the commune of Maripa-Soula in French Guiana. The company signed a 30-year contract with EDF SEI for the sale of electricity, and the contract due to start with the commissioning of the project, scheduled for 2026. The French Energy Regulation Commission (CRE) has authorized the deal.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in gigawatt.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Europe Small Hydropower Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Europe Small Hydropower Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Europe Small Hydropower Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Europe Small Hydropower Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence