Key Insights
The Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids market is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 5% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by increasing oil and gas exploration and production activities across the continent, particularly in countries like South Africa, Sudan, and Uganda. The rising demand for energy, coupled with significant investments in infrastructure development within the oil and gas sector, are key catalysts. The market is segmented by fluid type (water-based, oil-based, and others), location (onshore and offshore), and well type (conventional and high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT)). The prevalence of conventional wells currently dominates the market share, but the increasing exploration of HPHT wells presents a significant growth opportunity for specialized fluid providers. While the onshore segment currently holds a larger market share due to established infrastructure and easier accessibility, offshore exploration is steadily gaining traction, fueled by discoveries in deeper waters and the adoption of advanced drilling technologies. Competition in the market is intense, with major players including CES Energy Solutions Corp, Superior Energy Services Inc, Weatherford International Plc, National Oilwell Varco Inc, Baker Hughes Company, Halliburton Company, Newpark Resources Inc, and Schlumberger Limited vying for market share. However, the market also faces challenges including fluctuating oil prices, stringent environmental regulations, and the need for consistent technological advancements to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued expansion, driven by both established and emerging oil and gas producers in Africa. Growth will be influenced by governmental policies supporting energy independence, exploration successes leading to increased drilling activity, and the continuous improvement of drilling technologies that enhance efficiency and reduce costs. The market will see a shift towards more environmentally friendly fluid technologies, responding to growing concerns around the environmental impact of oil-based fluids. This trend will favor water-based fluids and the development of innovative, sustainable alternatives. Companies focusing on research and development in this area are likely to gain a competitive advantage. The growth of the HPHT segment will likely outpace that of conventional wells in the long term, particularly as exploration ventures deeper into more challenging geological formations.

Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market, encompassing market dynamics, growth trends, regional performance, product landscape, key players, and future outlook. The study period covers 2019-2033, with 2025 serving as the base and estimated year. The market is segmented by fluid type (water-based, oil-based, others), location (onshore, offshore), and well type (conventional, HPHT). The report provides valuable insights for industry professionals, investors, and stakeholders seeking to understand and capitalize on opportunities within this rapidly evolving market. Market values are presented in Million units.
Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Dynamics & Structure
This section analyzes the market's competitive landscape, technological advancements, regulatory environment, and key trends influencing its growth. The African drilling and completion fluids market is characterized by a moderately concentrated structure, with major international players alongside regional service providers. Market concentration is estimated at xx% in 2025, with the top five companies holding approximately xx% market share.
- Market Concentration: Moderate, with a few dominant players and several smaller regional companies.
- Technological Innovation: Adoption of environmentally friendly fluids and advanced fluid management technologies is accelerating, driven by increasing environmental regulations and operational efficiency demands.
- Regulatory Framework: Varying regulations across African countries influence the market, particularly concerning environmental compliance and safety standards. New regulations are expected to impact market growth in the coming years.
- Competitive Product Substitutes: Limited substitutes exist, with market dominance primarily determined by service quality, technological capabilities, and pricing strategies.
- End-User Demographics: Primarily driven by the oil and gas industry, with growing contributions from the geothermal sector (as exemplified by Baker Hughes' contract in Kenya).
- M&A Trends: Consolidation through mergers and acquisitions is expected to increase, driven by the need for expansion and enhanced service offerings. An estimated xx M&A deals were observed between 2019 and 2024.
Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Growth Trends & Insights
The African drilling and completion fluids market exhibits a robust growth trajectory, driven by increasing exploration and production activities across several African nations. The market size is projected to reach xx Million in 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is attributed to several factors including rising investments in upstream oil and gas projects, expanding geothermal energy exploration, and government initiatives to boost domestic energy production. Technological advancements, such as the development of higher-performance and environmentally friendly fluids, are further stimulating market expansion. Adoption rates of advanced technologies are projected to increase by xx% annually during the forecast period. The shifting focus towards sustainable practices is influencing consumer behavior, leading to greater demand for environmentally conscious drilling and completion fluids.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market
The offshore segment represents a significant growth driver, particularly in Nigeria, which witnessed the NUPRC's Mini-Bid Round 2022 for offshore oil exploration. Nigeria, Angola, and Egypt are key markets, while countries with emerging exploration activity show considerable potential. Within fluid types, the water-based segment holds the largest market share, although the demand for oil-based fluids persists in specific applications. The HPHT well type segment is experiencing accelerated growth, reflecting the complexity of projects in certain regions.
- Key Drivers:
- Increased exploration and production activities in Nigeria, Angola, and Egypt.
- Growing investment in the oil and gas sector.
- Government initiatives supporting energy independence.
- Development of new oil and gas fields.
- Expansion of geothermal energy projects.
- Dominance Factors: High exploration activity in Nigeria’s offshore, coupled with the growth of the geothermal sector in countries like Kenya, account for the dominance of these segments.
Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Product Landscape
The market features a diverse range of drilling and completion fluids, tailored to specific well conditions and environmental requirements. Innovations focus on enhancing performance, reducing environmental impact, and improving operational efficiency. This includes the development of specialized fluids for HPHT wells and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional oil-based fluids. Unique selling propositions center around enhanced performance characteristics, cost-effectiveness, and reduced environmental footprint. Technological advancements encompass automation and real-time monitoring capabilities, improving fluid management and reducing operational risks.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market
Key Drivers: Increased investment in upstream oil and gas projects, government support for energy sector development, and the growing adoption of advanced drilling technologies are primary drivers. The expansion of the geothermal energy sector in Kenya, for example, further stimulates market demand.
Key Challenges: Variability in regulatory frameworks across different African countries creates hurdles for standardization and operational efficiency. Supply chain disruptions, logistics constraints, and volatility in commodity prices present further challenges. The estimated impact of supply chain issues on market growth is xx% in 2025.
Emerging Opportunities in Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market
Untapped potential exists in several sub-Saharan African countries with growing exploration activities. Opportunities also lie in the development of specialized fluids for unconventional resources and the increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. Emerging technologies, including digitalization and automation in fluid management, offer further avenues for growth.
Growth Accelerators in the Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Industry
Technological advancements in fluid formulations, along with improved service delivery models are key accelerators. Strategic partnerships between international and local companies could also enhance market penetration. Expansion into new geographical areas and the development of customized solutions for specific well conditions are further driving forces.
Key Players Shaping the Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Market
- CES Energy Solutions Corp
- Superior Energy Services Inc
- Weatherford International Plc
- National Oilwell Varco Inc
- Baker Hughes Company
- Halliburton Company
- Newpark Resources Inc
- Schlumberger Limited
Notable Milestones in Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Sector
- December 2022: Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) announces Mini-Bid Round 2022, opening seven offshore blocks for oil exploration, significantly boosting offshore drilling activity.
- September 2022: Baker Hughes secures a service contract for drilling fluids and other services at Kenya's Olkaria Geothermal Complex, demonstrating growth beyond the traditional oil and gas sector.
In-Depth Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Market Outlook
The African drilling and completion fluids market is poised for continued expansion, driven by sustained investment in energy infrastructure and the exploration of new resources. Strategic partnerships, technological innovations, and a focus on sustainability will shape future market dynamics. The market presents lucrative opportunities for both established players and new entrants, particularly those with a focus on offering specialized services and environmentally friendly solutions.
Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Segmentation
-
1. Fluid Type
- 1.1. Water-Based
- 1.2. Oil-Based
- 1.3. Others
-
2. Location
- 2.1. Onshore
- 2.2. Offshore
-
3. Well Type
- 3.1. Conventional
- 3.2. High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)
-
4. Geography
- 4.1. Nigeria
- 4.2. Algeria
- 4.3. Ghana
- 4.4. Rest of Africa
Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Nigeria
- 2. Algeria
- 3. Ghana
- 4. Rest of Africa

Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 5.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Growing demand for natural gas and developing gas infrastructure4.; Increasing offshore oil and Gas Exploration Activities
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; Adoption of Cleaner Alternatives
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Offshore Segment to Witness Significant Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 5.1.1. Water-Based
- 5.1.2. Oil-Based
- 5.1.3. Others
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 5.2.1. Onshore
- 5.2.2. Offshore
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Well Type
- 5.3.1. Conventional
- 5.3.2. High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.4.1. Nigeria
- 5.4.2. Algeria
- 5.4.3. Ghana
- 5.4.4. Rest of Africa
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.5.1. Nigeria
- 5.5.2. Algeria
- 5.5.3. Ghana
- 5.5.4. Rest of Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 6. Nigeria Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 6.1.1. Water-Based
- 6.1.2. Oil-Based
- 6.1.3. Others
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 6.2.1. Onshore
- 6.2.2. Offshore
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Well Type
- 6.3.1. Conventional
- 6.3.2. High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)
- 6.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.4.1. Nigeria
- 6.4.2. Algeria
- 6.4.3. Ghana
- 6.4.4. Rest of Africa
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 7. Algeria Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 7.1.1. Water-Based
- 7.1.2. Oil-Based
- 7.1.3. Others
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 7.2.1. Onshore
- 7.2.2. Offshore
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Well Type
- 7.3.1. Conventional
- 7.3.2. High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)
- 7.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.4.1. Nigeria
- 7.4.2. Algeria
- 7.4.3. Ghana
- 7.4.4. Rest of Africa
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 8. Ghana Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 8.1.1. Water-Based
- 8.1.2. Oil-Based
- 8.1.3. Others
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 8.2.1. Onshore
- 8.2.2. Offshore
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Well Type
- 8.3.1. Conventional
- 8.3.2. High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)
- 8.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.4.1. Nigeria
- 8.4.2. Algeria
- 8.4.3. Ghana
- 8.4.4. Rest of Africa
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 9. Rest of Africa Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 9.1.1. Water-Based
- 9.1.2. Oil-Based
- 9.1.3. Others
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 9.2.1. Onshore
- 9.2.2. Offshore
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Well Type
- 9.3.1. Conventional
- 9.3.2. High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)
- 9.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 9.4.1. Nigeria
- 9.4.2. Algeria
- 9.4.3. Ghana
- 9.4.4. Rest of Africa
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fluid Type
- 10. South Africa Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Sudan Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Uganda Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Tanzania Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. Kenya Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Rest of Africa Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. Competitive Analysis
- 16.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 16.2. Company Profiles
- 16.2.1 CES Energy Solutions Corp
- 16.2.1.1. Overview
- 16.2.1.2. Products
- 16.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.2 Superior Energy Services Inc
- 16.2.2.1. Overview
- 16.2.2.2. Products
- 16.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.3 Weatherford International Plc
- 16.2.3.1. Overview
- 16.2.3.2. Products
- 16.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.4 National Oilwell Varco Inc
- 16.2.4.1. Overview
- 16.2.4.2. Products
- 16.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.5 Baker Hughes Company
- 16.2.5.1. Overview
- 16.2.5.2. Products
- 16.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.6 Halliburton Company
- 16.2.6.1. Overview
- 16.2.6.2. Products
- 16.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.7 Newpark Resources Inc *List Not Exhaustive
- 16.2.7.1. Overview
- 16.2.7.2. Products
- 16.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.8 Schlumberger Limited
- 16.2.8.1. Overview
- 16.2.8.2. Products
- 16.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.1 CES Energy Solutions Corp
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Fluid Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Well Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: South Africa Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Sudan Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Uganda Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Tanzania Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Kenya Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Rest of Africa Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Fluid Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Well Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Fluid Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Well Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Fluid Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Well Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Fluid Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Well Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 5.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market?
Key companies in the market include CES Energy Solutions Corp, Superior Energy Services Inc, Weatherford International Plc, National Oilwell Varco Inc, Baker Hughes Company, Halliburton Company, Newpark Resources Inc *List Not Exhaustive, Schlumberger Limited.
3. What are the main segments of the Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market?
The market segments include Fluid Type, Location, Well Type, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Growing demand for natural gas and developing gas infrastructure4.; Increasing offshore oil and Gas Exploration Activities.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Offshore Segment to Witness Significant Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; Adoption of Cleaner Alternatives.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In December 2022, the Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) announced the Mini-Bid Round 2022 for new crude oil exploration and drilling activities in the offshore blocs. In this year's Mini-Bid Round, seven offshore blocks covering an area of approximately 6,700 km2 in water depths of 1,150m to 3,100m are put on offer.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Africa Drilling and Completion Fluids Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence