Key Insights
The South American bladder cancer therapeutics and diagnostics market, while currently smaller than its North American and European counterparts, exhibits promising growth potential. Driven by increasing prevalence of bladder cancer, particularly in countries like Brazil and Argentina, and rising awareness of early detection methods, the market is projected to expand steadily. A 3% CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) over the forecast period (2025-2033) indicates a consistent, albeit moderate, expansion. Key growth drivers include improvements in diagnostic technologies like cytoscopy and advanced imaging, leading to earlier and more accurate diagnoses. The increasing availability and affordability of newer, targeted therapeutics, such as immunotherapy and advanced chemotherapies, also contribute to market growth. However, limitations in healthcare infrastructure and access to advanced treatments in certain regions of South America represent significant restraints. The market segmentation reveals that transitional cell bladder cancer, the most prevalent type, dominates the therapeutics segment. Immunotherapy and chemotherapy are the leading therapeutic modalities, though surgery and radiation therapy remain significant. The diagnostic segment is largely driven by increased use of cystoscopy and biopsy procedures.
Major pharmaceutical players like Sanofi, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and others are actively participating in the market, either through direct sales or partnerships with local distributors. The market's growth is further influenced by government initiatives promoting cancer awareness and improved healthcare access. Despite these positive factors, disparities in healthcare access across the South American region continue to pose a challenge. Future growth will depend on sustained investment in healthcare infrastructure, the development and introduction of more affordable and effective treatments, and successful public health campaigns focusing on early detection and prevention. The significant presence of multinational pharmaceutical companies suggests a robust level of investment and commitment to this market, indicating a positive outlook for continued expansion in the coming years.

South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Report: 2019-2033
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the South America bladder cancer therapeutics and diagnostics market, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. It offers invaluable insights into market dynamics, growth trends, key players, and future opportunities, equipping industry professionals with the knowledge needed to navigate this evolving landscape. The report segments the market by cancer type (Transitional Cell Bladder Cancer, Superficial Bladder Cancer, Invasive Bladder Cancer, Squamous Cell Bladder Cancer, Other Rare Types), therapeutics (Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Surgery), and diagnostics (Cytoscopy, Biopsy, Urinalysis, Urine Cytology, Bladder Ultrasound). The base year is 2025, with estimates for 2025 and forecasts extending to 2033. The historical period covered is 2019-2024.
South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Dynamics & Structure
The South American bladder cancer therapeutics and diagnostics market is characterized by a moderately concentrated landscape, with key players such as Sanofi S.A., Pfizer Inc., Johnson & Johnson (Janssen Pharmaceutical), and AstraZeneca Plc holding significant market share. Market size in 2025 is estimated at xx Million. The market is driven by increasing prevalence of bladder cancer, rising healthcare expenditure, and growing awareness about advanced diagnostic and therapeutic options. Technological advancements, particularly in immunotherapy and targeted therapies, are further fueling market expansion. However, high treatment costs, limited healthcare infrastructure in certain regions, and regulatory complexities pose significant challenges.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with top 5 players holding approximately xx% market share in 2025.
- Technological Innovation: Focus on immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and advanced diagnostic techniques.
- Regulatory Landscape: Varying regulatory frameworks across South American countries influence market access.
- Competitive Landscape: Intense competition among established players and emerging biotech companies.
- M&A Activity: A moderate level of mergers and acquisitions, driven by the need for expansion and technological advancements. xx M&A deals were recorded between 2019 and 2024.
- End-User Demographics: Aging population and increasing incidence of risk factors (smoking, occupational exposure) contribute to market growth.
South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Growth Trends & Insights
The South America bladder cancer therapeutics and diagnostics market is projected to exhibit robust growth throughout the forecast period (2025-2033), driven by several factors. The market experienced a CAGR of xx% during the historical period (2019-2024) and is expected to maintain a CAGR of xx% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated value of xx Million by 2033. This growth is fueled by increasing awareness and early detection initiatives, expanding access to advanced therapies, and rising government investments in healthcare infrastructure. The adoption rate of immunotherapy is expected to increase significantly, contributing substantially to market growth. Changing consumer preferences toward minimally invasive procedures and personalized medicine further shape market trends. Technological disruptions, like the development of liquid biopsies and AI-powered diagnostic tools, are creating new opportunities.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market
Brazil is projected to be the largest market within South America, due to its large population, relatively higher healthcare expenditure, and increased awareness about bladder cancer. Argentina and Colombia also hold significant market potential. Among the segments, the transitional cell bladder cancer therapeutic segment is expected to dominate, followed by immunotherapy within the therapeutic category. The increasing adoption of advanced diagnostic techniques, such as cytoscopy and biopsy, fuels growth within the diagnostics segment.
- Leading Region: Brazil
- Key Drivers in Brazil: High prevalence of bladder cancer, improved healthcare infrastructure, government initiatives.
- Key Drivers in Argentina and Colombia: Growing awareness, increasing healthcare spending, investments in advanced technologies.
- Dominant Segment (Therapeutics): Immunotherapy, showing high growth due to its efficacy in treating advanced bladder cancer.
- Dominant Segment (Diagnostics): Cystoscopy and biopsy, due to their high diagnostic accuracy.
South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Product Landscape
The market features a range of products, including various chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapies (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors), and advanced diagnostic tools. Recent innovations include novel antibody-drug conjugates and targeted therapies exhibiting enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects. Key performance metrics include response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Unique selling propositions often center around improved patient outcomes, targeted treatment approaches, and minimally invasive procedures.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market
Key Drivers:
- Rising prevalence of bladder cancer
- Growing awareness and early detection programs
- Increasing healthcare expenditure
- Technological advancements in diagnostics and therapeutics
Key Challenges:
- High cost of treatment limiting accessibility
- Uneven healthcare infrastructure across South America
- Regulatory hurdles delaying market entry of new products
- Competition among numerous players
Emerging Opportunities in South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market
- Untapped market potential in underserved regions
- Growing demand for personalized medicine and targeted therapies
- Development and adoption of innovative diagnostic tools
- Increased focus on minimally invasive procedures and improved patient outcomes
Growth Accelerators in the South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Industry
Continued technological innovation, strategic partnerships between pharmaceutical companies and diagnostic providers, expansion into untapped markets, and supportive government policies will accelerate growth. Successful clinical trials and product launches of novel therapies will significantly impact market trajectory.
Key Players Shaping the South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Market
- Sanofi S.A.
- Pfizer Inc.
- Johnson & Johnson (Janssen Pharmaceutical)
- Eli Lilly and Co
- AstraZeneca Plc
- Bristol Myers Squibb
- Novartis AG
- Bracco
- Hoffmann-La Roche AG
- GlaxoSmithKline Plc
- Nektar Therapeutics
- Ono Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Notable Milestones in South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Sector
- Feb 2023: Janssen Research & Development LLC initiates a Phase III clinical trial for TAR-200 in Brazil for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
- Feb 2023: AstraZeneca launches a Phase III clinical trial evaluating a triplet combination therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
In-Depth South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Market Outlook
The South America bladder cancer therapeutics and diagnostics market is poised for sustained growth driven by continuous innovation in treatment modalities, rising healthcare investments, and increasing awareness among patients and healthcare professionals. Strategic partnerships, focus on personalized medicine, and expansion into emerging markets present significant opportunities for market players. The market's future potential is strong, indicating a positive outlook for investors and stakeholders.
South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Segmentation
-
1. Cancer Type
- 1.1. Transitional Cell Bladder Cancer
- 1.2. Superficial Bladder Cancer
- 1.3. Invasive Bladder Cancer
- 1.4. Squamous Cell Bladder Cancer
- 1.5. Other Rare Types
-
2. Therapeutics
- 2.1. Chemotherapy
- 2.2. Immunotherapy
- 2.3. Radiation Therapy
- 2.4. Surgery
-
3. Diagnostics
- 3.1. Cytoscopy
- 3.2. Biopsy
- 3.3. Urinalysis
- 3.4. Urine Ctyology
- 3.5. Bladder Ultrasound
-
4. Geography
-
4.1. South America
- 4.1.1. Brazil
- 4.1.2. Argentina
- 4.1.3. Rest of South America
-
4.1. South America
South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. South America
- 1.1. Brazil
- 1.2. Argentina
- 1.3. Rest of South America

South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 3.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1 Increasing Awareness about Bladder Diseases
- 3.2.2 and Available Therapies; Increasing Healthcare Expenditure; Innovations in Drug Development
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Rise in the number of Patent Expirations; Asymptomatic Nature of the Disease
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Cystoscopy Segment Expects to Register a Significant Growth Over the Forecast Period
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Cancer Type
- 5.1.1. Transitional Cell Bladder Cancer
- 5.1.2. Superficial Bladder Cancer
- 5.1.3. Invasive Bladder Cancer
- 5.1.4. Squamous Cell Bladder Cancer
- 5.1.5. Other Rare Types
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Therapeutics
- 5.2.1. Chemotherapy
- 5.2.2. Immunotherapy
- 5.2.3. Radiation Therapy
- 5.2.4. Surgery
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Diagnostics
- 5.3.1. Cytoscopy
- 5.3.2. Biopsy
- 5.3.3. Urinalysis
- 5.3.4. Urine Ctyology
- 5.3.5. Bladder Ultrasound
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.4.1. South America
- 5.4.1.1. Brazil
- 5.4.1.2. Argentina
- 5.4.1.3. Rest of South America
- 5.4.1. South America
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.5.1. South America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Cancer Type
- 6. Brazil South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Argentina South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Rest of South America South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. Competitive Analysis
- 9.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 9.2. Company Profiles
- 9.2.1 Sanofi S A
- 9.2.1.1. Overview
- 9.2.1.2. Products
- 9.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.2 Pfizer Inc
- 9.2.2.1. Overview
- 9.2.2.2. Products
- 9.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.3 Johnson & Johnson (Janssen Pharmaceutical)
- 9.2.3.1. Overview
- 9.2.3.2. Products
- 9.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.4 Eli Lilly and Co
- 9.2.4.1. Overview
- 9.2.4.2. Products
- 9.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.5 Astra Zeneca Plc
- 9.2.5.1. Overview
- 9.2.5.2. Products
- 9.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.6 Bristol Myers Squibb
- 9.2.6.1. Overview
- 9.2.6.2. Products
- 9.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.7 Novartis AG
- 9.2.7.1. Overview
- 9.2.7.2. Products
- 9.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.8 Bracco
- 9.2.8.1. Overview
- 9.2.8.2. Products
- 9.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.9 Hoffmann-La Roche AG
- 9.2.9.1. Overview
- 9.2.9.2. Products
- 9.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.10 GlaxoSmithKline Plc
- 9.2.10.1. Overview
- 9.2.10.2. Products
- 9.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.11 Nektar Therapeutics
- 9.2.11.1. Overview
- 9.2.11.2. Products
- 9.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.12 Ono Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
- 9.2.12.1. Overview
- 9.2.12.2. Products
- 9.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.1 Sanofi S A
List of Figures
- Figure 1: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Cancer Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Cancer Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Therapeutics 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Therapeutics 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Diagnostics 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Diagnostics 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Brazil South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Brazil South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Argentina South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Argentina South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Rest of South America South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Rest of South America South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Cancer Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Cancer Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Therapeutics 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Therapeutics 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Diagnostics 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Diagnostics 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Brazil South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Brazil South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Argentina South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Argentina South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Rest of South America South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: Rest of South America South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 3.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market?
Key companies in the market include Sanofi S A, Pfizer Inc, Johnson & Johnson (Janssen Pharmaceutical), Eli Lilly and Co, Astra Zeneca Plc, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis AG, Bracco, Hoffmann-La Roche AG, GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Nektar Therapeutics, Ono Pharmaceutical Co Ltd.
3. What are the main segments of the South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market?
The market segments include Cancer Type, Therapeutics, Diagnostics, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing Awareness about Bladder Diseases. and Available Therapies; Increasing Healthcare Expenditure; Innovations in Drug Development.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Cystoscopy Segment Expects to Register a Significant Growth Over the Forecast Period.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Rise in the number of Patent Expirations; Asymptomatic Nature of the Disease.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
Feb 2023: Janssen Research & Development LLC is conducting a Phase III clinical study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TAR-200 in combination with cetrelimab or TAR-200 alone versus intravesical bacillus Calmette-guérin (BCG) in participants with BCG-naïve high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, in Brazil.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Unit.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the South America Bladder Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence